Since the last version (2.1) there is an API to programmaticaly do many things, including changing the schema:
http://doc.dataiku.com/dss/latest/api/public/index.html
It is a REST API with simple authentication, and a Python client is provided.
Specifically, to change the schema, the method are documented here:
https://doc.dataiku.com/dss/api/2.1/rest/#datasets-dataset-schema
Thus, one option would be to write a small python script that read the current schema and the dictionary, then uploads the new schema.
Hope this helps,
Jean-Baptiste Rouquier